单膝下跪该跪哪个膝?
(Which
knee is kneeling on one knee?)
黎显慧
百度上有网友问:单膝下跪该跪哪个膝?
有网友回答:单膝是左膝触地,右膝成直角。有网友反驳说:跪右腿,跪左腿怪怪的。
类似的帖子中,还有的回答道:左腿弯曲,右腿跪地,如满族的“打千儿”。
满族的“打千儿”也称“单腿安”、“请安礼”。据《满族风俗考》记载:左足略前移,右足后引屈膝,到离地只有一寸的位置,并以双手按左膝,略低头,然后慢慢起身。[2]
单膝跪是双膝跪的变形。人类文明史是从母系社会开始的,牛崇拜是先民重要的宗教信仰。人类崇拜牛的历史至少可追溯到几万年前。那时牛还没有被驯化,凶猛异常,既能在陆地上,也能在水中。先民敬畏,视之为创世神。牛崇拜具有普遍性。
水牛[3]
双膝跪源于对牛神的模仿。尽管跪坐极不舒适,虔诚的东亚先民宁可跪坐,也不兴坐具。
跪坐着的妇女雕象,阿兹台克文化,墨西哥,大英博物馆[4]
跪坐习俗至迟在东亚先民东渡美洲之前便已产生,曾被认为是最文明、最礼貌的坐姿。
单腿跪兴起较晚,从古埃及的资料来看,大约盛行于新王国时期。由于尊左观念根深蒂固,早期的单膝跪一般是跪右腿。
拉美西斯一世和猎鹰神、豺狼头神。壁画,约公元前1290年,
拉美西斯一世的坟墓,底比斯,国王谷[5]
女神伊希斯,女王图雅(拉美西斯二世的母亲)的石棺装饰细节,
祭司供奉法律、秩序、正义之神玛阿特的雕像[8]
鹰头神单腿跪,埃及博物馆[10]
诺莫利,小雕像,非洲塞拉利昂[11]
跪着的男性拿着陶器,雪花石膏,美索不达米亚[13]
古希腊士兵图,新疆新源县巩乃斯河南岸墓葬出土,新疆考古研究所[17]
单膝跪地双臂交叉的幼儿,凝视着基座上的头骨。大英博物馆藏[20]
毗湿奴神,印度教[21]
朵帕娣,印度史诗摩诃婆罗多的公主和女王,以及她的五个丈夫[22]
油灯,跪着的男性形象,青铜,尼泊尔[24]
托尔特克文明,中美洲[28]
跪着的女人的花瓶,陶器,前哥伦布时期,拍卖品[29]
原始毛利人[30]
原始毛利人,塔玛基毛利村,罗托鲁瓦地区[31]
毛利人全黑队表演哈卡[32]
如果说双膝跪是对牛的模仿,那么单膝跪则是在模仿的基础上加以改造。印度教崇拜公牛南迪,早期的南迪右膝下跪,左腿立起,以示尊左。晚期有的改成左膝下跪,右腿立起,以示尊右。
单膝跪在东亚并不流行,从东亚的坐具兴起较晚,可见先民难改旧俗。
[3]水牛、老鼠和花蛇 - 轻风拂面的日志 - 网易博客
[4] Statue of kneeling woman,Aztec,1300-1521 CE,British
Museum.By Simon Burchell.From wikipedia.
[5] Ramses I between the souls
of Pe and Nekhen.Wall painting, 19th
dynasty c. 1290 BC.Thebes, Valley of the Kings, tomb of Ramses I (KV 16).By
ANDREA JEMOLO,From akg-images.de.
[6] The goddess Isis, decorative detail of sarcophagus of Queen Tuya, mother
of Ramesses II,19th Dynasty. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.From egypt.egypt-museum.
[7] Plaque depicting a king
offering wine. Ptolemaic Period, ca. 305-30 BC. Freer Gallery of Art,
Smithsonian Institution.From egypt.egypt-museum.
[8] Priest offering Maat aka
Goddess law, order, justice and righteousness,From EgyptSearch Forums.
[9] pectoral and necklace of the Princess SitHathorIunet with the Name of King Sesostris II (ca. 1887–1878 bc); the Metropolitan Museum.Amentet Nefer.By Верка Павловић and Sooraj Pai.Facebook © 2018.
[11] Nomoli,Estatuilla de Nomoli,
Reptilian gods,El Libertario,From el-libertario.webnode.es.
[12] Elamite god figue,From
toosfoundation.com.
[13] kneeling nude male holding a
vessel, alabaster,found at Shara Temple at Tell Agrab,ca.2600 B.C.Oriental
Institute Museum, University of Chicago.By Daderot,From wikipedia.
[14] Figurina di fondazione del
re Ur-Baba di Lagash, proveniente da Tello, XXII sec. a.C., Parigi Louvre. ©
Copyright A. Cocchi Login amministratore.
[15] "The Worshipper of
Larsa", a votive statuette dedicated to the god Amurru for Hammurabi's
life, early 2nd millennium BC, Louvre.By Marie-Lan Nguyen,From wikipedia.
[16] Archaic Greek Bronze Gorgon
Figurine, c. Mid-6th Century BC.From Ancient to Medieval (And Slightly Later)
History - Archaic Greek Bronze Gorgon Figurine, c. Mid-6th.
[17]古生物:古代蜻蜓眼纹饰的来源(十二),雅昌艺术论坛。
[18] Kneeling Barbarian,Rome c.
20 BC.museum in Copenhagen,© Copyright Björn Kämpe.
[20] An infant gazing at the
skull on a pedestal , kneeling on on one knee , with hands crossed over his
breast.© The Trustees of the British Museum.
[21] God vishnu's mount, garuda,By
Mahesh CR,Fcom rommedium.com.
[22] Draupadi, a princess and
queen in the Indian epic Mahābhārata, with her five husbands (the
Pandavas).By Raja Ravi Varma,From wikipedia.
[23] Tượng Tuyết Sơn, Thích Ca Mâu Ni tượng minh( khổ hạnh thời), thế kỷ 17, Tượng Tuyết Sơn chùa Mía, Việt Nam Hà Nội.By Ngokhong ,From
wikipedia.
[24] Oil Lamp,Kneeling Male
Figure, Bronze,20th C. ,Nepal. Copyright © 2018 PRIMITIVE Inc.
[25] Nagaraja, Tibet, 15th
century, gilt bronze. Photo by Thierry Ollivier. From Kimbell Art Museum.© 2017
Kimbell Art Museum.
[26] Teotihuacan Kneeling
Ballplayer Figure Holding Head,Painted ceramic,250-600 CE,Mexico,COPYRIGHT
INFO© The Vilcek Foundation.
[27] Sculpture of a Kneeling
Woman,Terracotta,Guanacaste-Nicoya Zone, Costa Rica,1 AD to 500 AD ,Copyright
(c) 2000-2018 by Barakat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
[28] Este dios que formaba parte
de los dioses Toltecas es considerado símbolo de castigo y
justicia, representado con un garrote y una piedra.From mitologia.info.
[29] Vase of a kneeling woman,
Terracotta,20 cm ,Pre-Columbian,auctions, From catawiki.com.
[30] original maori,By Paula R.
Stern,From israellycool.com.
[31] original maori,Photos By
Rotorua,Tamaki Maori Village Rotorua,
Rotorua Region,From rankers.co.nz.
[32] The Maori All Blacks perform haka ,By HANNAH PETERS,From
stuff.co.nz.
[34] The bull Nandi,Stone statue,
in Singhasari temple, Hindu - BuddhistJavanese medieval kingdom (1222–1292 ),By
Urville Djasim,From wikimedia.